The Second-Hand Truth

Second-Hand Knowledge*

1 . The Importance of Testimony We citizens of the 2lSt century live in a world where division of epistemic labour rules. Most of what we know we learned from the spoken or written word of others, and we depend in endless practical ways on the technological fruits of the dispersed knowledge of others-of which we often know almost nothing-in virtually every moment of our lives. Interest has been...

Syntactical Truth Predicates For Second Order Arithmetic

We introduce a notion of syntactical truth predicate (s.t.p.) for the second order arithmetic PA. An s.t.p. is a set T of closed formulas such that: i) T (t = u) iff the closed first order terms t and u are convertible, i.e. have the same value in the standard interpretation ii) T (A → B) iff (T (A) ⇒ T (B)) iii) T (∀xA) iff (T (A[x ← t]) for any closed first order term t) iv) T (∀XA) iff (T (A...

Second toe-to-hand transplantation

Background: The toe to hand transplantation is a method of

Second - hand Smoke and Cancer

The Effects of Second-hand Smoke Exposure on Breast Milk Cotinine and Infant Urinary Cotinine

Background & Aims: Exposure to cigarette smoke affects the health of mothers and infants. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of second-hand smoke exposure on breast milk and infant urinary cotinine during breastfeeding. Methods: This cohort study was conducted on 45 breastfeeding mothers and infants exposed to second-hand cigarette smoke (exposed group), and 40 breastfeeding mothe...